Schizophrenia mnemonic

Schizophrenia DSM-5 mnemonic

                                                                                                                       MRCPsych course

Manic DSM-5 mnemonic

Manic / Hypomanic DSM-5 mnemonic

Since DSM-5 have made changes to the criteria of mania/hypomania episode...sometimes it made us to have 'thought block' especially during exams. However...worry not...below are some mnemonics to make our life easy.

How to differentiate mania or hypomania episode?

	MANIA	HYPOMANIA
Marked impairment in social or occupational functioning	Yes	No
Hospitalization required	Yes	No
Psychotic symptoms	Yes	No

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Type I and Type II errors

Which is Type I or Type II error?

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Sensitivity and Specificity

Sensitivity and Specificity

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Case control and Cohort study

How to remember characteristics of Case control and Cohort study?

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95% Confidence interval

Advantages of 95% CI (Confidence interval) versus p-value

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Statistical Power

Factors to increase Statistical Power

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Alzheimer's disease MRCPsych course

MRCPsych course

Alzheimer's disease (Neuropathology)

 

Think about Nagasaki Hiroshima

• Neurofibrillary tangles
• Neuronal cell loss
• Glial proliferation
• Granulovascular proliferation
• Senile/neuritic plaques
• Hirano inclusion bodies
• Reactive astrocytosis (also present in Pick's disease)

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Hallucination (MRCPsych course)

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Hallucination = false perception without stimulus

Mnemonics C3-O-I3

• Clear as normal perception
• Constant
• Conscious
• Objective space
• Independent of will
• Insight absent
• Impaired reality testing

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Mood disorders MRCPsych course

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Major Depressive Disorder (DSM-IV-TR)
(5 symptoms or more including at least 1 core symptom)


MI SAG SPECS

1. Mood low (core symptom)
2. Interest/Pleasure loss (core symptom)
3. Sleep decreased/increased
4. Appetite decreased/increased
5. Guilt - excessive/inappropriate
6. Suicidal thoughts
7. Psychomotor retardation/agitation
8. Energy low
9. Concentration low/indecisiveness

Dysthymia

HE'S 2 SAD

• Hopelessness
• Energy low
• Sleep decreased/increased

• 2 years minimum of depressed mood, most of the day for more days than not  + 2 symptoms at least + not symptom-free period > 2 months

• Self-esteem low
• Appetite reduced/increased
• Decision/Concentration reduced 

Suicidal risk

SADPERSON SD

Sex - male
Age - <19, >45
Depression*
Past suicide attempt
Ethanol/drug abuse
Rational thinking loss (e.g. psychosis)*
Separated/Divorced/Widowed
Organised plan/serious attempt*
No social support
Sickness (chronic e.g. Cancer, HIV)
Determined to repeat/ Ambivalent*

*2 score (others 1 score)

Suicidal risk score:
1 -2 : low risk
3 - 5: moderate risk
7 or more : high risk 

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Lithium (MRCPsych course)

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Adverse Effects Of Lithium

Early lithium adverse effects:

4 T’s:

• Thirsty
• Tired
• Tremor (fine)
• Taste (metallic)

Long term lithium adverse effects:

•  Diabetic insipidus
•  Hypothyroidism
•  Hyperparathyroidism
•  Weight gain
•  Coarsening & Hair loss
•  Leucocytosis
•  Hypokalaemia ( maybe associated with arrhythmias & T wave flattening (ECG)

Toxic ( >1.5 mmol/l)

CAT Got your tongue, ears & eyes

• Cerebellar syndrome *(refer below)
• Anorexia
• Tremor (Coarse)
• Gut/ GIT symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting)
• Tongue – dysarthria
• Ears – tinnitus
• Eyes – Blurred vision

         Hyperreflexia

*Cerebellar syndrome

VANISHED

• Vertigo
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Intentional tremor
• Speech staccato
• H
• Exaggerated broad-based gait
• Dysdiadokinesia

Extreme toxicity (>2.5 mmol/l)

6 C’s:

• Confusion
• Convulsion
• Circulatory failure
• Collapse
• Coma
• Corpse (death)

Teratogenicity : (especially use during 1^st trimester)- Ebstein’s anomaly

Factors that can lead to Dangerous toxicity:

4D’s

• Diuretics
• Dietary Deficiency of Na+
• Dehydration
• Drugs :

o   NSAIDs,

o   Acetazolamide

o    Metronidazole (high risk of Li+ toxicity during co-administration & for up to 3 weeks afterwards)

o   High doses haloperidol (>20mg/day)

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Benzodiazepines (MRCPsych course)

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Adverse Effects Of Benzodiazepines

5 D’s

• Dependence
• Drowsiness (daytime)
• Dysarthria
• Diplopia
• Disorientation: ‘paradoxical reaction’ leading to hyperexcitability or Delirium (esp. In elderly)

Benzodiazepines withdrawal symptoms (Abrupt cessation after development of dependence):

10 S’s

•   Stress
•   Skinny
•   Strange experiences (hypersensitivity derealisation/depersonalization, transient psychosis/perceptual distortions)
•   Sadness
•   Sleep disturbance
•   Salivation
•   Sweating
•   Sexual disinterest
•   Shaking  (tremor)
•   Seizures

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